Evolutionary psychology is a relatively new field. In the first 'sweaty T-shirt' experiment, a Swiss zoologist, Claus Wedekind, set up a test of women's sensitivity. Tdixon April 8, 2019 Cognitive Psychology, IB Psychology HL Extensions, Revision and Exam Preparation Leave a Comment One, two or all three essay questions in Paper 1, Section B will be based on the extension topics.
HR
- To what extent do biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence human relationships?
- Bio:Kin Selection Theory - Hamilton (1964),Carney & Hazler (2007)
- Cog: Effects of violence & link to PTSD, Shalev (1995), PTSD = Post traumatic stress disorder, Empathy-Altruism Theory - Batson (1981)
- Soc:Whiting & Whiting, Miller et al.
- Evaluate psychological research (that is, theories and/or studies) relevant to the study of human relationships.
- Kin Selection Theory (Hamilton - 1964 → Simmons et al (1977))
- Empathy-Altruism Theory (Batson - 1981)
- Distinguish between altruism and prosocial behaviour.
- Kin Selection Theory - Hamilton (1964) → Simmons et al (1977)
- Empathy-Altruism Theory - Batson (1981)
- Whitney and Whitney (1975)
- Miller et al. (1990)
- Staub (1978)
- Contrast two theories explaining altruism in humans.
- Schaller and Cialdini (1988)
- Batson et al (1981)
- Using one or more research studies, explain cross-cultural differences in prosocial behaviour.
- Whiting (1979)
- Graves and Graves (1985)
- Levine et al
- Examine factors influencing bystanderism.
- Kitty Genovese (1964)
- Latane and Darley (1968)
- Oliner and Oliner (1988)
- Piliavin et al (1969)
- Latane and Darley (1970)
- Examine biological, psychological and social origins of attraction.
- Fisher et al. (2003)
- Wedekind (1995)
- Markey and Markey (2007)
- Festinger et al. (1950)
- Buss et al. (1990)
- Discuss the role of communication in maintaining relationships.
- Fletcher et al (1987)
- Levenson & Gottman (1983)
- Gottman & Krokoff (1989)
- Explain the role that culture plays in the formation and maintenance of relationships.
- Buss et al. (1990)
- Gupta and Singh (1982)
- Yelsma & Athappilly (1988)
- Analyse why relationships may change or end.
- Sternberg (1986)
- Sprecher (1999)
- Evaluate sociocultural explanations of the origins of violence.
- Social Learning Theory (Bandura 1977)
- Bobo Doll (Bandura 1961)
- Totten (2003)
- Subculture of violence theory (Wolfgang and Ferracuti 1967)
- Discuss the relative effectiveness of two strategies for reducing violence.
- The Jigsaw Classroom
- The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (Olweus 1993)
- Macs
- Discuss the effects of short-term and long-term exposure to violence.
- Short-term (terrorism)
- Shalev (1995)
- Schuster et al. (2001)
- Long-term (bullying)
- Carney and Hazler (2007)
Key Studies:
Fisher et al (2003) - fMRI, love is an addiction
Wedekind (1995) - sweaty T-shirts, different immune system = better
Fletcher et al (1987) - Questionnaire, good relationship = dispositional, bad relationship = situational
Four horsemen of apocalypse (Gottman, 1994) - Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
Gottman and Krokoff (1989) - Two longitudinal study, conflict resolve = good, conflict avoided = bad, (defensiveness, stubbornness and withdrawal), marital dissatisfaction
Bandura (1961) - Bobo Doll Experiment, three conditions; aggressive model, non aggressive model and control
Totten (2003) - 30 male participants who were abused by their father, 6 minor ethnic, rest are white, 21 adopted their father ways of treating their partner,
Shalev (1995) - Interviewed 12 survivors, after the attack and after one month, difference was that one show no sign of avoidance coping and were very upset while the later show signs of avoidance coping, PTSD level increased significantly
Carney and Hazler (2007) - Bullying and the low cortisol level, 94 sixth grade students were asked a questionnaire then blood sample were taken in the morning and during lunch (a period associated with bullying)
Kin Selection Theory (Hamilton, 1964)
Simmons et al (1977) - Researchers interviewed 30 kidney donors before and after the surgery, 86% of the parents agreed to donate their kidney however 47% of the siblings agreed. This support the idea of altruism that the relatives would want for the survival of their gene, As well the recipients asked to rate the potential donors, 63% felt very close to potential donors while 42% to potential non-donors.
Empathy-Altruism Theory (Batson, 1981)
Batson et al (1981) - Each students were asked to listen about the story of Elaine which are manipulated to have either empathy or distress, Then they were shown a video of Elaine receiving electric shocks, two groups, first group
Whiting and Whiting (1975) - Prosocial behavior in child-rearing practice (Kenya, Philippines, Mexico, India, Japan and US), Prosocial behavior shown more in Philippines and Mexico than India, Japan and US. Kenya shown most in traditional society. Degree of modernization influences prosocial behavior.
Miller et al (1990) - 400 participants of Hindu Indians and North American gave a hypothetical situation where a person failed to help the others in need, three conditions, help their child, friends and a stranger. Hindu Indians see it as a moral duty to help others in need, meanwhile North Americans see it as a personal choice